Why can nuclear radiation exposure be harmful to humans?

Nuclear radiation exposure can be harmful to humans primarily because it can harm human tissue due to ionization. When radiation interacts with the cells in the body, it can ionize atoms—meaning it can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits around the nucleus. This process can lead to molecular damage, including the disruption of DNA structure, cell membranes, and other critical cellular components. The resulting cellular damage can potentially lead to a variety of health issues, including radiation sickness, increased cancer risk, and genetic mutations.

This detrimental effect on human tissue underscores the importance of safety protocols and protective measures in environments where nuclear materials are used. Understanding the biological impact of radiation is key in assessing risks and taking necessary precautions, thus emphasizing the significance of proper training and certification in handling nuclear gauges and materials.